中考英语动词的种类和基本形式

刘健

              中考英语动词的种类和基本形式

（原载《英语考试与评价》作者：刘 健 版权所有 请勿转载或制作其他出版物）

        在长期的教学实践中，我们深深地感觉到到动词的用法是英语中既是最难教又是最难学的知识之一。同时，它又是中考考查的重中之重。中考对动词的考查又是多种多样的，特别体现在单项选择、完形填空、书面表达等题型当中。从某种程度来说，学好动词是学好英语的关键。因此，把握好动词的基本用法对于初中学生来说尤为重要，下面按动词的单词含义就动词的种类和基本形式即及物动词和不及物动词、助动词、系动词和情态动词用法进行归纳。

及物动词和不及物动词

实义动词是能作独立谓语的动词。实义动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词。

及物动词本身意思不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。及物动词要求有一个或两个（直接和间接）宾语或复合宾语，多数可用于被动语态。注意，有些及物动词的运用有自己固定的主语；而有些动词常接一些习惯性宾语或结构。另外，一部分实义动词既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词使用，但是所表达的意思不同。

1. Taiwan is part of China. We_______ the same history and culture.

A. explain     B. express   C. connect   D. share

(河南省)

答案：D

2. Mike didn’t get wet because his teacher _______him an umbrella.

A. lent   B. discovered   C. borrowed    D. taught

(广东省)

答案：A

3. The sick boy _______to hospital by the police yesterday.

A. is taken  B. was taken   C. takes    D. took

(北京市)

答案：B

4. It will ________us several years to learn a foreign language well.

A. cost   B. take   C. spend    D. use

(无锡市)

答案：B

不及物动词本身意思完整，无需接宾语，不能直接用于被动语态。如：

1. After a long journey, the eight pandas from Wolong safely ______in Beijing.

A. arrived    B. reached     C. got      D. came

(上海市)

答案：A

2. I still don’t know what ______while I was away from home.

A. had happened           B. was happened  

C. has happened           D. happened

(兰州市)

答案：D

助动词

助动词一般无实际意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。它只是帮助构成谓语，表示时态、语态、语气，或构成疑问式及否定式。英语的助动词有be(am, is, are, was, were, been, being); have(has, had); do(does, did); shall(should); will(would)。助动词可分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种。但是，有些助动词本身有一定的词义，可用来表示说话者的语气和态度等。如：

1. E-mail is very popular today. People seldom write letters now, ______?

A. did they  B. do they   C. didn’t they     D. don’t they

(广东省)

答案：B

2. ----________you ________your drawing?

----Not yet! It will be done in a few minutes.

A. Did; finish   B. Will; finish    C. Do; finish   D. Have; finished

(陕西省2009)

答案：D

3. ----Can I help you?

----I bought this watch here yesterday, but it _______work.

A. won’t   B. didn’t    C. doesn’t    D. wouldn’t

(江西省)

答案：C

4. ----_______late for school again, Tim!

  ----Sorry, I promise that I ______.

A. Don’t; won’t            B. Don’t be; won’t  

C. Don’t be; don’t          D. Don’t; will

(深圳市)

答案：B

系动词

系动词又称连系动词，用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态、性质特征或身份等。一般与表语一起构成主系表结构。但是有些动词既是实义动词又是连系动词。常见的系动词有三类：

   第一类表示视觉、感觉的动词有seem, appear, look, taste, smell sound, feel等。如：

This silk dress ________so smooth. It’s made in China.

A. tastes   B. smells   C. sounds   D. feels

(河北省)

答案：D

   第二类表示变化过程的动词有become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall等。如：

----Nancy, it’s too hot. Put the fish in the fridge, or it will ______bad.

----OK, Mom!

A. go    B. change   C. feel    D. keep

(武汉市)

答案：A

   第三类表示保持某种状态的动词有be, stay, remain, keep, stand, sit, continue等。如：

1. Lucy and Lily _______sisters. They study at the same school.

A. be   B.  am    C. is   D. are

(北京市)

答案：D

2. Emergency line operators must always______ calm and make sure that they get all the information they need to send help.

A. grow   B. appear     C. become          D. stay

(湖北省)

答案：D

情态动词

情态动词本身具有一定的词义，表示某种感情和语气，但不能单独作谓语，通常要与其它动词一起构成谓语。几乎每年的各省市中考试题单项选择或完形填空中都直接考查情态动词。中考重点考查can , may, must 和have to 这几个情态动词的用法。

一、情态动词can 的用法

1. can 表示许可或请求许可时 ，可指现在或将来，此时与may 意义接近，但语气强于may。can不仅表示说话人同意，准许，还可以表示客观条件许可。

如：----Can I have a look at the photo of your family, Sam?

----Of course you________.

A. may   B. can   C. could

(成都市)

答案：B

2. 表示请求或提建议时，常用于Can/Could I…？Can/Could you…？can的过去式是could，但could可用于现在时和将来时，不表示过去而表示“请求”，语气比can更加委婉客气。但是回答时均用can。如：

----Mum, could I play with my classmate for a while after I finish my homework?

----_________. But you must come back before supper.

A. Yes, you can           B. Yes, you could

C. No, you can’t          D. No, you couldn’t

(芜湖市)

答案：A

3. can还可表示能力，强调一个人脑力或体力方面的能力，表示“会”，“能够”等。如：

----Can you play the piano?

----Yes, I _______. I often practice it on weekends.

A. needn’t   B. need    C. can’t     D. can

(重庆市)

答案：D

4. can, could, may, might都可以在肯定句中表示“可能”，can的语气最强，可能性最大，其余依次递减。can表示 “推测”，强调“客观的可能性”，用于否定结构，表示有把握的否定推断。如：

----Who’s that girl swimming in the pool? Is it Lucy?

----It _______be Lucy. She is sleeping in her bedroom now.

A. may    B. can’t   C. must     D. should

(济南市)

答案：B

二、情态动词may 的用法

1. may 表示“可以”即表示说话人同意，许可或请求。通常用can't 或mustn't 代替may not 做否定回答。如：

----________I take some photos in the hall?

----No, you_______.

A. Can; needn’t  B. Must; mustn’t  C. Could; won’t  D. May; mustn’t

(广州市)

答案：D

2. may 表示可能性。如：

----Excuse me, where are we going to have our class meeting?

----I’m not sure. Ask our monitor, please. He ______ know.

A. can       B. may       C. need         D. shall

(河南省)

答案：B

三、情态动词must的用法

1. 从意义上讲，must表示说话人主观上的看法，表示“应该，一定要，必须”。must 实用于所有人称，没有时态变化。如：

----Another cup of coffee?

----No, thanks. I _______be off. Mary is waiting for me.

A. can     B. may    C. must    D. might

(绍兴市)

答案：C

而“have to ”表示客观需要做的事情，表示“必须，不得不”。它有人称和时态的变化。第三人称单数has to ,过去时had to ,一般将来时will have to .在其构成疑问句和否定句时，要用助动词do/did,如：

----Why do you like to go shopping with me now?

----I’m afraid I can’t. I _______ wash my clothes.

A. can   B. may    C. would    D. have to

(天门市)

答案：D

2. must还有表示“揣测”的意思时，一般只用于肯定句中，表示对事情的猜测。如：

----Susan has bought a large house with a swimming pool.

----It_______ be very expensive. I never even dream about it.

A. must    B. might    C. can’t    D. shouldn’t

(江西省)

答案：A

3. must在否定句中表示“禁止，绝对不可”，常用来告诫人们不要做某些事情。如：

If the traffic light is red, you ______cross the road. It’s very dangerous.

A. don’t   B. mustn’t   C. needn’t    D. wouldn’t

(江西省)

答案：B

4. must 的疑问句，常将must 提到主语前，肯定回答用must ，否定回答一般用needn't,表示语气委婉；也可以用don’t have to。如：

----Must I get up before six o’clock tomorrow, dad?

----No, you_______ .Tomorrow is Saturday. You may get up later.

A. mustn’t    B. can’t     C. needn’t     D. may not

(襄樊市2009)

答案：C

下面是临沂市中考英语试题，考查动词填空，比较典型，有代表性，大家可以参考一下（保留原题号）。

八、短文填空。（共5小题，计10分）

A) 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，必要时可加助动词或情态动词。

Mr Jones liked to be comfortable, so every time he took a train, he used to put a bag on the seat next to him and pretend that it belonged to a friend who had gone   81   (buy) something at the station.

One day, Mr Jones did this when the train   82   (be) very crowded. When nearly all the seats    83   (take), an old man got on(上) the train. Looking at the bag, he asked, “Is this seat taken?”

“Yes.” said Mr Jones, “It belongs to my friend who has gone to buy some cigarettes. He    84   (come) back soon.” Pretending to worry about his friend, he    85   (look) out of the window.

“All right,” said the old man, “I’ll just sit here until your friend, he    86   (return),if you don’t mind.” Mr Jones couldn’t say anything. Just then the train began   87   (move)out of the station.

“Well,” Said the old man, “What a pity(遗憾)!Your friend   88   (miss) the train already, but his bag is still here.” Before Mr Jones could say anything, the old man took the bag and threw it out of the window.

答案：81.to buy 82. was 83. were taken 84. will come/is coming/should come  85.looked  86. returns 87. to move/moving 88. has missed